Risk of metachronous colorectal cancer after surgical resection of index rectal cancer in Lynch syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study in Japan.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the risk of metachronous colorectal cancer (CRC) after resection of index (first) rectal cancer in patients with Lynch syndrome (LS). METHODS: Clinicopathological data of patients with genetically proven LS were retrospectively analyzed in this multicenter Japanese study. The cumulative incidence of metachronous CRC and the overall survival were compared between patients with index rectal cancer (rectal group) and those with index colon cancer (colon group). RESULTS: The median age at index CRC surgery was lower in the rectal group than in the colon group (37 vs. 46 years old, P = 0.01). The cumulative 5-, 10-, and 20-year incidences of metachronous CRC were 3.5%, 13.9%, and 21.1%, respectively, in the rectal cancer group and 14.9%, 22.0%, and 57.9%, respectively, in the colon cancer group (P = 0.02). The overall survival curves were not significantly different between two groups (P = 0.23). CONCLUSION: This is the first report from an East Asian country to report the risk of metachronous CRC after resection of index rectal cancer in patients with LS. Despite this study having several limitations, we cannot recommend extended resection, such as total proctocolectomy, for index rectal cancer as a standard surgical treatment in patients with LS.

Clinical features and distribution of the APC variant in duodenal and ampullary polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Management of duodenal or ampullary adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a major challenge for clinicians. Insufficient data are available to evaluate the clinical manifestations and distribution of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) variants in these patients. METHODS: We enrolled 451 patients with data regarding duodenal or ampullary polyps from 632 patients with FAP retrospectively registered in a nationwide Japanese multicenter study. Clinicopathological features and distribution of APC variants were compared between patients with and without duodenal or ampullary polyps. RESULTS: Duodenal and ampullary polyps were found in 59% and 18% of patients with FAP, respectively. The incidence of duodenal cancer was 4.7% in patients with duodenal polyps, and that of ampullary cancer was 18% in patients with ampullary polyps. Duodenal polyps were significantly associated with the presence of ampullary polyps and jejunal/ileal polyps. Duodenal polyps progressed in 35% of patients with a median follow-up of 776 days, mostly in those with early Spigelman stage lesions. Ampullary polyps progressed in 50% of patients with a follow-up of 1484 days. However, only one patient developed a malignancy. The proportion of patients with duodenal polyps was significantly higher among those with intermediate- or profuse-type APC variants than attenuated-type APC variants. The presence of duodenal polyps was significantly associated with ampullary and jejunal/ileal polyps in patients with intermediate- or profuse-type APC variants. CONCLUSIONS: Periodic endoscopic surveillance of the papilla of Vater and small intestine should be planned for patients with FAP with duodenal polyps.

Usefulness of genotyping APC gene for individualizing management of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal polyp burden is crucial for the management of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). However, accurate evaluation of polyp burden is difficult to standardize. This study aimed to examine the possible utility of genotype-oriented management of colorectal neoplasms in patients with FAP. METHODS: Clinicopathological data from genetically proven patients with FAP was analyzed using the database of a nationwide retrospective Japanese multicenter study. The cumulative incidence of CRC was evaluated between different genotype groups. Genotype-1 were defined as germline variants on attenuated FAP-associated regions (codons 1-177, alternative splice site of exon 10 (codon 312), 1581-2843) and Genotype-2 as the other variants. Weibull and Joinpoint analyses were performed to determine the annual percentage changes in CRC risk. RESULTS: Overall, 69 men and 102 women were included. Forty-eight patients underwent colorectal resection for the first CRC, and five patients underwent resection for first cancer in the remnant anorectal segment after prophylactic surgery. The 70-year cumulative incidence of CRC in all patients was 59.3%. Patients with Genotype-1 (n = 23) demonstrated a lower risk of CRC stages II-IV than those with Genotype-2 (n = 148, P = 0.04). The risk of stage II-IV CRC was estimated to increase markedly at the age of 49 years in the Genotype-1 patients and 34 years in the Genotype-2 patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Different interventional strategies based on genotypes may be proposed for the clinical management of patients with FAP. This policy needs to be validated in further prospective studies focusing on long-term endoscopic intervention and optimal age at prophylactic (procto)colectomy.

Risk of metachronous colorectal cancer after colectomy for first colon cancer in Lynch syndrome: multicenter retrospective study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the risk of metachronous colorectal cancer (mCRC) and explored the optimal extent of colectomy in patients with Lynch syndrome (LS) and first colon cancer (fCC) in Japan, where the extent of colectomy for colon cancer (CC) is shorter than that in Western countries. METHODS: The clinicopathologic and survival data of patients with LS who developed CC were collected from a nationwide database and analyzed retrospectively. The cumulative incidence of mCRC after actual segmental colectomy was compared with that of mCRC when more extensive colectomy was assumed. RESULTS: There were 142 eligible patients (65 female). The median age at fCC surgery was 46.5 (range: 14-80) years. The cumulative incidence of 5-, 10-, and 20-year mCRC rate was 13.4%, 20.8%, and 53.6%, respectively. The incidence was higher in the left-sided group (splenic flexure to rectosigmoid colon, n = 54) than in the right-sided group (cecum to transvers colon, n = 88) (66.3% vs. 45.3% in 20 years, P < 0.01). Assuming that all patients would have undergone hemicolectomy or total colectomy, the estimated mCRC risk was 41.5% and 9.4% (P < 0.01, vs. actual procedures), respectively. The 20-year overall survival rate of all the patients was 83.3% without difference by fCC sidedness (P = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the incidence of mCRC, patients with genetically diagnosed LS and fCC, preferentially located in the left-sided colon, may need to undergo more extended colectomy than that usually performed in Japan. However, such extended colectomy should be counterbalanced with favorable overall survival and actual risk of mCRC development.

Recent trends in the morbidity and mortality in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: a retrospective single institutional study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess current trends in morbidity and mortality among patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). These data can be used for optimal surveillance and management of such patients. METHODS: Data (November 2001 and April 2020) of genetically confirmed patients with FAP (n = 87) and their first-degree relatives with FAP phenotype (n = 20) were extracted from the Saitama Medical Center database. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) were estimated using indirect method. RESULTS: Overall, 46 men and 61 women were included; the median age at FAP diagnosis was 28.0 years for both. The SMR for all causes of death was 47.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.1-98.2) in women and 26.5 (95% CI 9.73-57.8) in men. The SIR for colorectal cancer (CRC) was 860 (95% CI 518-1340) in women and 357 (95% CI 178-639) in men. The SMR for CRC was 455 (95% CI 93.7-1330) in women and 301 (95% CI 62.0-879) in men. Thirteen patients died during the observation period, and CRC was the leading cause of death (46%). Other causes of death included desmoid tumor (n = 2), small intestinal cancer (n = 2), ovarian cancer (n = 1), duodenal cancer (n = 1), and sepsis (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality ratio, estimated using SMR, remained high. CRC was the leading cause of death, whereas almost half of the causes of deaths were extra-colonic tumors. Life-long management of extra-colonic diseases may improve the prognosis in these patients.

[A Case Report of Perianal Paget's Disease Treated with Robot-Assisted Surgery for Positive Margins after Local Excision].

The patient is a 73-year-old man who was diagnosed with perianal Paget's disease by skin biopsy. Biopsy from the dentate line did not show any tumor cells. The patient was considered to undergo sphincter-preserving local resection and subsequently underwent the procedure. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed perianal Paget's disease with a positive anorectal margin. The patient was referred to our department due to postoperative anal stenosis. On the 32nd postoperative day, a double barreled sigmoid colostomy was performed. However, considering the inability to adequately check for detect due to anorectal stenosis and the expected unfavorable anorectal function caused by sphincter- preserving re-operation, a robot-assisted abdominoperineal resection(D1)was performed 7 months after the initial surgery. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed no residual tumor cells in the resected specimen. After local excision for perianal Paget's disease, the skin of the buttock becomes scarred due to skin valve formation and skin grafting, making closure of the perineal wound difficult when performing abdominoperineal resection. In robot-assisted surgery, it is relatively easy to remove the anorectal muscles from the abdominal cavity and reach the sciatico-rectal fossa, thus reducing the size of the perineal wound.

[Idea of Treatment Method for Upper and Lower Rectal Cancer Avoiding Irradiation to Internal and External Sphincter].

BACKGROUND: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy(CRT)followed by total mesorectal excision(TME)is used for locally advanced rectal cancer, but it can induce postoperative anorectal function. The primary objective of this study is to confirm the efficacy and safety of preoperative CRT and TME without irradiation to the internal and external sphincter muscles. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients were eligible for this study if they met the following inclusion criteria: histologically proven rectal cancer, clinical T3T4N0-2 disease, and a distance between anal margin of tumor and the rental line is more than 2 cm. Twelve patients who underwent preoperative CRT and TME between 2013 and 2017 were enrolled. The primary endpoint was completion rate of sphincter-preserving surgery. RESULTS: All patients completed preoperative CRT without Grade 3 or higher adverse effect. Sphincter-preserving surgery was performed in all cases. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 46.7%, and the local recurrence-free survival rate was 75%, and the overall survival rate was 90.9%. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that preoperative CRT and TME without irradiation to the internal and external sphincter muscles is effective and safe therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer.

[Two Cases of Esophageal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma That Were Successfully Controlled by Multi-Modality Therapy].

Esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma is extremely rare, and its treatment strategy has not been established. We report 2 cases esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma. Case 1: A 74-year-old man was diagnosed as having esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma(clinical T3N4M0, Stage Ⅳa). He received 60 Gy of radiation therapy with etoposide(100 mg/m2)plus cisplatin(80 mg/m2). No recurrence has been detected 1 year after treatment. Case 2: A 78-year-old man was diagnosed as esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma(clinical T3N0M0, Stage Ⅱ). He underwent esophagectomy with 3 field lymph nodes dissection. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered with irinotecan(60 mg/m2)plus cisplatin(60 mg/m2). After chemotherapy, he survived 1 year without recurrence.

[Three Cases of Conversion Surgery for Unresectable Gastric Cancer with Multiple Liver Metastases].

We herein report 3 cases of advanced gastric cancer with multiple liver metastases who was successfully treated with systemic chemotherapy and underwent conversion surgery with liver resection. There were 2 males and 1 female patients with a range 68 to 74 years of age. Two patients received S-1 plus oxaliplatin therapy and 1 received S-1 plus cisplatin therapy. All patients survived after 5-49 months postoperatively.

[Changes in Renal Function and Feasibility of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer Patients with Diverting Ileostomy after Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis].

We investigated changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)in 11 colorectal cancer patients(6 familial adenomatous polyposis, 5 ulcerative colitis)who underwent restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis(IPAA) and diverting ileostomy(DI), the tolerability and adverse events of adjuvant chemotherapy(ACT)in 4 cases. After IPAA, eGFR decreased significantly(p=0.02)and did not return to the preoperative level even after stoma closure(p<0.01). mFOLFOX6 was selected as the regimen in 4 candidates, and no significant changes in eGFR after ACT were observed. The relative dose intensity of oxaliplatin was 91.7%, and no gastrointestinal adverse events of Grade 3 or higher were observed. Although in a small number of cases, mFOLFOX6 as ACT after IPAA and DI may be feasible.

[A Case of Carcinoma of the Ileostomy Site Associated with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis-Report of a Case].

We report a rare carcinoma of the permanent ileostomy site developing 20 years or more after total proctocolectomy (TPC)in a 65-year-old woman with familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP). She underwent TPC for rectal cancer associated with FAP in her 40th at other institution. She also underwent pancreas-sparing total duodenectomy for duodenal mucosal cancer associated with severe duodenal polyposis at 59 years at our institution. She was referred to our hospital again complaining of the mass of the ileostomy site, 10 cm in diameter. Though biopsy revealed no definite malignancy, serum CA19-9 was elevated(98 U/mL), leading to a preoperative diagnosis to be ileal carcinoma. The involved bowel was widely resected. Histological examination demonstrated Stage ⅡA ileal carcinoma. Postoperative course was uneventful and she is well without recurrence 7 months after the ileal resection. This case seems valuable in that long-term surveillance including ileal carcinoma is important in the management of FAP patients whose colorectal cancer and duodenal cancer have been already well controlled.

[Conversion Surgery following Second-Line Chemotherapy for Unresectable Gastric Cancer].

We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological and survival data of 8 patients with unresectable gastric cancer who underwent conversion surgery(CS)following second-line chemotherapy from April 2013 to December 2020. There were 7 males and 1 female patients with a median age of 69(64-76)years old. Five patients had 1 unresectable factor, 2 had 2 unresectable factors, and 1 had 3 unresectable factors. All patients achieved R0 resection. The median survival time(MST) of patients with CS following second-line chemotherapy was significantly longer than that without CS(73.4 vs 12.3 months, respectively). The MST of patients with CS following first-line chemotherapy was significantly longer than that without CS (22.9 vs 12.3 months, respectively). This study suggested that CS following first- or second-line chemotherapy may improve survival duration for unresectable gastric cancer.

A Model for Predicting DNA Mismatch Repair-deficient Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Identifying patients with DNA mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC) is vital to improve treatment and identify patients with Lynch syndrome (LS). We developed a prediction model for dMMR CRC using clinicopathologic features. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 1,147 patients who underwent resection of stage I-IV CRC in whom universal screening for LS using immunohistochemistry for MMR proteins had performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to build a prediction model of dMMR CRC. RESULTS: The prevalence of dMMR CRC was 5.2%. Age (≥75 years), tumor location (right-sided colon), main histologic features (poor differentiation), maximum tumor size (≥65 mm), and stage (I/II) were independent significant variables related to dMMR. We created a formula for predicting the likelihood of dMMR, and the probability ranged from 0.2% to 83%. CONCLUSION: dMMR CRC can be identified efficiently using clinicopathologic features obtained in daily clinical practice.

[Does Colonic Stenting Affect the Long-Term Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer ?]

The impact of colonic stenting on long-term prognosis has not yet been clarified. We compared background factors, progression-free survival, and overall survival between patients with stents(stent group)who underwent surgery after colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery and patients without stents(non-stent group)who underwent emergency surgery for left-sided colorectal cancer ileus. There was no difference between the 2 groups in the induction of adjuvant chemotherapy, but the use of oxaliplatin-base was highly introduced in the stent group(p=0.03). The 5-year DFS rates were 55.1% and 70.3%(p=0.21)and the 5-year OS rates were 90.7%and 70%(p=0.35)in the stent and non-stent groups, respectively. In the present study, colon stent placement did not affect long-term prognosis.

Clinically applicable cases of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 immunotherapy for colorectal cancer patients.

We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of defective mismatch repair (dMMR) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who would potentially benefit from anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy. Medical records were obtained and reviewed for 1147 patients who underwent surgical resection of stage I-IV CRC, in whom universal screening for Lynch syndrome using immunohistochemistry for MMR proteins had been undertaken. The molecular characteristics of dMMR CRCs were also investigated. Defective MMR accounted for 5.2% of stage I-IV CRC patients, including 12 (1.0% of all CRC patients) who had stage IV disease or recurrence after curative resection (n = 6 each). These 12 patients included patients with LS (n = 3) and Lynch-like syndrome (n = 1). Defective MMR tumors were predominantly located in the right-sided colon (P < 0.01). Approximately 1% of stage I-IV CRC patients could potentially benefit from anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, while one-third would require genetic counseling and/or MMR gene testing.

[A Family of Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis].

The proband was a 49-year-old woman who had undergone total colectomy, ileorectostomy, and bilateral ovariectomy for the treatment of cecal(T3N0)and sigmoid colon(T4a, N2b, M1c2[Ova], Stage Ⅳc)cancers. Pathological findings revealed 6 adenomas and 2 adenocarcinoma-in-adenomas in the right colon, other than advanced colon cancers. She had a family history of colorectal cancer meeting the Amsterdam Criteria I, but none of her relatives had definite polyposis. Considering the possibility of Lynch syndrome, the microsatellite-instability test and immunohistochemistry(IHC)examination of the mismatch repair protein were performed, leading to the results of microsatellite stable and proficient mismatch repair protein expression. Therefore, we performed the multigene panel test containing 26 genes using the next-generation sequencing technology. In the APC(5q22.2)gene, a pathogenic variant(exon 12 c.994C>T/p.Arg332*)was identified, leading to a diagnosis of attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis(AFAP). After disclosure of the results to the proband, the single-site variant analysis was performed on her 3 daughters. In her second and third daughters, the same variant was confirmed, and laparoscopic total colectomy was performed 23 and 35 months after the disclosure of the genetic analysis results, respectively. Currently, we are conducting periodical surveillance for the residual rectum.

[A Case of Advanced Recurrent Colorectal Cancer with Complete Response to Pembrolizumab Chemotherapy].

The efficacy of pembrolizumab has been demonstrated for all solid tumors showing high frequency microsatellite instability- high(MSI-High). It is a possible treatment option even in cases which do not respond to other forms of chemotherapy. We report a case of a 69-year-old man with MSI-High recurrent colorectal cancer with complete response(CR)after pembrolizumab therapy. Sigmoidectomy, extensive lymph node dissection, and partial bladder resection were performed for sigmoid colon cancer at another hospital. Histopathological examination revealed a T4a, N0, M0, Stage Ⅱb tumor. Six months after the operation, Hartmann's operation and partial resection of the small intestine were performed for local recurrence. However, the tumor invading the retroperitoneum was unresectable. Postoperative SOX therapy was performed, but it was discontinued due to Grade 3 diarrhea during the first course. The laboratory test showed MSI-High during the first course. Pembrolizumab chemotherapy was introduced as second-line therapy. Computed tomography examination after 2 courses (6 weeks)revealed reduction in the major axis of the tumor by 30% or more. After 4 courses(12 weeks), the tumor was further reduced, and a partial response(PR)was diagnosed. The tumor completely disappeared after 6 courses, and a complete response was achieved after 8 courses. The CR has been maintained for about 7 months.

[A Case of Peritoneal Metastasis of Appendiceal Mucinous Carcinoma Successfully Managed by Multidisciplinary Treatment].

There is no established treatment for appendiceal mucinous adenocarcinoma. When this condition is complicated by pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP), multidisciplinary treatment is often administered. A 40-year-old woman was diagnosed with right ovarian cancer for which laparotomy was performed. At the time of laparotomy, we considered the tumor to be an appendiceal carcinoma infiltrating the right ovary and performed ileocecal resection with lymph node dissection(D3)and right salpingo-oophorectomy. The pathological diagnosis was stage pT3, pN0, pM0, pStage Ⅱ mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix. Fourteen months later, the patient underwent abdominal total hysterectomy and left salpingo-oophorectomy because a CT scan suggested recurrence in the uterus, left fallopian tube, and ovary. Seventeen months after the second operation, despite adjuvant chemotherapy, CT revealed a peritoneal nodule in the pelvic cavity. Therefore, we administered chemotherapy comprising 5 lines for 32 months, which resulted in failure. CT showed an enlarged tumor and ascites and the patient became terminally ill. We repeatedly performed cytoreduction surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy, which improved her QOL. One year after discharge, abdominal CT showing an abdominal wall and intraperitoneal mass. We performed again cytoreduction surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Her postoperative course is good and she is currently an outpatient.

[The Outcome of Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Advanced Lower Rectal Cancer-The Possibility of an Omission of the Lateral Dissection].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of selective LPLN dissection(LPLD)based on pretreatment imaging in patients with advanced low rectal cancer treated with pre-operative CRT. We reviewed 32 patients without suspected LPLN metastasis based on the MDCT or MRI results before CRT. These patients underwent total mesorectal excision (TME)without LPLD. The clinical characteristics and oncological outcomes were examined. In all cases, the per-protocol treatments were completed. Tumor recurrence occurred in 14 patients at the liver(3 cases), the lung(7 cases)and the local sites(4 cases). Of the 4 cases with pelvic recurrence, no recurrence was found in the lateral lymph node area. Under the condition that pre-operative chemoradiotherapy is to be performed for advanced lower rectal cancer with negative lateral lymph node metastasis, a lateral dissection could be omitted.

[Analysis of Palliative Stents for Colonic Stenosis Due to Extracolonic Cancers].

We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients in whom endoscopic stenting for colonic stenosis due to extracolonic cancers(non- CRC group)was attempted between July 2012 and January 2018. There were 5 men and 8 women, with a median age of 69 years. Primary malignancies causing colonic stenosis were gastric cancer(n=4), cholangiocarcinoma(n=2), pancreatic cancer(n=2), lung cancer(n=2), uterine cancer(n=2), and ovarian cancer(n=1). The non-CRC group patients demonstrated a significantly lower technical success rate than those who received palliative stents for colonic stenosis for primary colorectal cancer(n=51)(69% vs 98%, p<0.01). In addition, the non-CRC group patients(n=13)also demonstrated a significantly lower technical success rate(69% vs 99%, pp<0.01)than those who received stents aiming to subsequently undergo a bridge to surgery. Nonetheless, colorectal stenting for extracolonic malignancies appears to be a minimally invasive treatment and could offer patients rapid relief. Thus, it could be an effective alternative to some palliative therapies.